
Doctoral Student, Texas A&M University
Projects
1. Improving the Image Performance of Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM)
We have utilized Bessel-like LP02 fiber mode to improve resolution and depth of focus of OCM system simultaneously. 2-fold enhancement of resolution and 3-fold enhancement is achieved compared to Gaussian beam of similar width. This imaging technique can be useful for biomedical imaging.

3. In-vivo Raman microspectroscopy to study nitrate concentration in root developmental zones of arabidopsis thaliana
Here, we have successfully applied Raman spectroscopy based microscope for non-invasive in-vivo mapping of nitrate concentration in different developmental zones of Arabidopsis thaliana. To our best knowledge, an increase of nitrate concentration from root tip to maturation zone has been reported for the first time.

2. Phenotyping of Sorghum Kernels with High Resolution Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM)
We used our newly developed OCM setup for non-invasive phenotyping of sorghum kernels of two different genotypes: BTx 2928 & RTx 430. Our study proves that our imaging technique has the capabilities to make impact on food security of the world by improving crop yield.

4. Detecting novel plant pathogen threats to food system security by integrating the Plant Reactome and remote sensing
Here, we explored how an integrative approach involving plant pathway knowledgegraphs, differential gene expression data, and biochemical data informing Raman spectroscopy could be used to detect plant pathways responding to pathogen attacks. A review of current proximal- and remote-sensing technology demonstrates the potential for actionable early pathogen detection. We furthermore identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed for developing these tools as components of effective strategies for safeguarding global food security against current and emerging pathogens.

Journal Publications
1. Detecting novel plant pathogen threats to food system security by integrating the Plant Reactome and remote sensing,
S.C. Murray, A. J. Verhoef, A. Adak, D. Sen, R. Salzman, P. Jaiswal and S. Naithani
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102684
2. In-vivo Raman microspectroscopy reveals differential nitrate concentration in different developmental zones in Arabidopsis roots,
A. Fern´andez*, Z.T. Fang*, D. Sen*, B. Henrich, Y. Nagashima, A. Sokolov, S. Okumoto and A. J. Verhoef, (*equal contribution) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-024-01302-3
3. Non-Destructive Direct Pericarp Thickness Measurement of Sorghum Kernels Using Extended-Focus Optical Coherence Microscopy,
D. Sen*, A. Fern´andez*, D. Crozier, B. Henrich, A.V. Sokolov, M.O. Scully, W.R Rooney and A.J. Verhoef ,(*
equal contribution) https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020707
4. Extended focal Depth Fourier Domain Optical Coherence microscopy with Bessel-Beam – LP02mode – from a Higher Order mode fiber,
D. Sen, A. Classen, A. Fern´andez, L. Gr¨uner-Nielsen, H.C. Gibbs, S. Esmaeili, P. Hemmer, A. Baltuska, A.V.
Sokolov, R. Leitgeb and A.J. Verhoef, https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.442081
Conference Proceedings
1. Modular Raman Microscopy for in-vivo Phenotyping of Nutrient Uptake in Plant Roots,
A. Fernandez*, D. Sen*, Z.T. Fang, B. Henrich, A.V. Sokolov, M.O. Scully S. Okumoto and A.J. Verhoef,(equal contribution)
CLEO: Applications and Technology (May 2024, Charlotte, North Carolina)
2. Rapid Quantification of Nitrate in Murashige-Skoog (MS) media using Spontaneous Raman
Spectroscopy,
D. Sen, Z.T. Fang, A. Fernandez, B. Henrich, A.V. Sokolov, S. Okumoto and A.J. Verhoef,
2023 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC) (November 2023, Orlando, Florida)
3. Phenotyping Nitrate Uptake and Spatial Storage Using Raman Microspectroscopy,
A. Fernandez, D. Sen, Z.T. Fang, B. Henrich, S. Okumoto and A.J. Verhoef,
ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting, Paper 150987 (October 2023, St. Louis, Missouri)
4. Non-Destructive Direct Pericarp Thickness Measurement of Sorghum Kernels Using
Extended-Focus Optical Coherence Microscopy,
D. Sen, A. Fern´andez, D. Crozier, B. Henrich, A.V. Sokolov, M.O. Scully, W.R Rooney and A.J. Verhoef,
CLEO: Applications and Technology, STu4F.2 (May 2023, San Jose, California)
5. Implementation of Bessel-like LP02 Mode from Higher Order Mode (HOM) Fiber to extend
the Depth of Focus in Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Microscopy (FD-OCM),
D. Sen, A. Classen, L. Gr¨uner-Nielsen, H. Gibbs, S. Esmaeili, P. Hemmer, A. Baltuska, A.V. Sokolov, R. Leitgeb, A. Fern´andez and A.J. Verhoef,
CLEO: Applications and Technology, AM5I.5 (May 2022, San Jose, California)
6. Modelling the Image Fromation in Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Microscopy for a
Bessel-like LPO2 Mode from Higher Order Mode Fiber,
A. Classen, D. Sen, L. Gr¨uner-Nielsen, H. Gibbs, S. Esmaeili, P. Hemmer, A. Baltuska, A.V. Sokolov, R.
Leitgeb, A. Fern´andez and A.J. Verhoef,
CLEO: Applications and Technology, JW3A.3 (May 2022, San Jose, California)
7. Detection of Starch Content Variations in Grasses using Raman Microscope,
A. Fernandez, D. Sen, M.C. Lee, N. Havrilchak, M. Aleman, Z. Han, B. Strycker, Z. Yi, J.B. West, A.V.
Sokolov, M.O. Scully and A.J. Verhoef,
CLEO: Applications and Technology, JW3A.21 (May 2022, San Jose, California)
8. Ultrafast Charge-Transfer Mediated Indirect-Excitons in CsPbBr3/MoS2 Heterostructure,
R. Karmakar, D. Sen, D. Mandal, K V Adarsh .
CLEO:Science and Innovations, JW1A.100 (May 2021, San Jose, California)